http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/can-you-pass-year-six-52615.amp

http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bedmo-backlash-bedminsters-nickname-traditional-53751

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/10/bad-grammar-gove-english-killing-children-love-language-adverbials-digraphs

John McWhorter: Txtng is killing language. JK!!! (TED Talk)

https://www.ted.com/talks/john_mcwhorter_txtng_is_killing_language_jk

• 150000 years - language
• started as speech
• writing came along much later
• writing is a conscious process
• word packets 7-10 words during speech
• write like we speak- texting
• loose structure
• fingered speech
• LOL-marker of accommodation-pragmatic particle

Descriptivism Vs Prescriptivism

Prescriptivism -The notion that language should be fixed, prescribing to a set standard of rules for language uses, with any shift away from these rules/standards being seen as incorrect.


Descriptivism - Where no judgement or negative attitude is imposed on language change, but an examination of language as it is and how it is used.

Student response Paper 2

http://filestore.aqa.org.uk/resources/english/AQA-77022-CEX.PDF

Lanuage Change Questions

What are the main reasons for language change?
Young women - Michael Rosen
Semantic change:

• pejoration (negative connotation) - e.g., awful used to mean full of awe
• amelioration (positive connotation) - e.g., bad or phat in the '90s
• narrowing - e.g., meat used to mean any food, then animal flesh, then now is more for red meat
• widening - e.g., xerox and the like, or guy, which was a man's name, then a term for generic man, and now means person
• metonymy (part for whole, whole for part) - e.g., the White House to mean the entire executive branch, saying Boston when you're referring specifically to the baseball team, or an older example, cheek is from the old English for jawbone, or couple used to only refer the thing holding two beasts of burden together
• euphemistic, e.g., loo or john, or things like not using gay for happy
• grammaticalization, e.g., literally, or going to/gonna
• meiosis (change from strong to weak), e.g., awesome, and one of my favorites, epic, as in that's was an epic McDonald's order. (Really? That McDonald's order was on par with Homer's Odyssey?)
•  
• hyperbole (change from weak to strong), e.g., curvy to mean fat
• metaphor, e.g., ring to mean call, broadcast formerly meaning to cast broadly

Young Women as Linguistic Innovators

http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05tl3jm

The 'Apostrophiser'

Possession/omission of letters
Correcting poor punctuation on shop fronts and signs
Bristol man- North Bristol
Unidentified


http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08kys4c