A discourse community is a group of people who share a set of discourses, understood as basic values and assumptions, and ways of communicating about those goals.
Linguist John Swales defined discourse communities as "groups that have goals or purposes, and use communication to achieve these goals."
-A discourse community has mechanisms of intercommunication among their members.
-A discourse community uses its participatory mechanisms primarily to provide information and feedback.
-A discourse community utilizes and possesses one or more genres in the communicative furtherance of its aims.
Monday, 21 March 2016
Grice's Maxims
Grice suggested that conversation is based on a shared principle of cooperation.
4 Maxims:
The maxim of quantity-do not say too little or too much
Example-
A: “Where are you going?”
B: “I’m going to the post office.”
In the example, B gives comments to A’s statement without adding other information
Example of disobeying / violation:
A: “Are you going to work tomorrow?”
B: “I am on jury duty, but I’ll have to go to the doctor in the evening. I have asked the manager for permission”
In this example, B’s reply violates maxim of quantity because B does not give information as required by A, i.e. yes or no. Instead, B gives more information which is not required or expected at all.
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The Maxim of quality-speak the truth
Example-
A: “Why did you come late last night?”
B: “The car was broken down”
In t he example, B gives the truth that his car was broken down so that he came late.
Example of disobeying / violation:
A: “The Teheran’s in Turkey, isn’t teacher?”
B: “And London’s in America I suppose.”
In the example, B’s reply is supposed to suggest that A is incorrect and B violates the maxim of quality
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The Maxim of relevance-keep what is being discussed relevant to the topic in hand
Example-
A: “Where is my box of chocolates?”
B: “It is in your room.”
In the example, B’s reply relates to the question, not talking about something else. Example of disobeying / violation
A: “Where’s my box of chocolates?”
B: “I don’t know mine either.”
In the example B’s answer is not relevant to A’s question. B says something else which is not about A’s problem at all.
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The maxim of manner-be clear and avoid ambiguity
Example-
A: Where was Alfred yesterday?
B: Alfred went to the store and bought some whiskey.
In the example, B’s answer obeys the manner maxim: be orderly, because she gives a clear explanation where A was.
Example of disobeying / violation:
A: Why was he arrested?
B: He stole the money from the bank.
4 Maxims:
The maxim of quantity-do not say too little or too much
Example-
A: “Where are you going?”
B: “I’m going to the post office.”
In the example, B gives comments to A’s statement without adding other information
Example of disobeying / violation:
A: “Are you going to work tomorrow?”
B: “I am on jury duty, but I’ll have to go to the doctor in the evening. I have asked the manager for permission”
In this example, B’s reply violates maxim of quantity because B does not give information as required by A, i.e. yes or no. Instead, B gives more information which is not required or expected at all.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Maxim of quality-speak the truth
Example-
A: “Why did you come late last night?”
B: “The car was broken down”
In t he example, B gives the truth that his car was broken down so that he came late.
Example of disobeying / violation:
A: “The Teheran’s in Turkey, isn’t teacher?”
B: “And London’s in America I suppose.”
In the example, B’s reply is supposed to suggest that A is incorrect and B violates the maxim of quality
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Maxim of relevance-keep what is being discussed relevant to the topic in hand
Example-
A: “Where is my box of chocolates?”
B: “It is in your room.”
In the example, B’s reply relates to the question, not talking about something else. Example of disobeying / violation
A: “Where’s my box of chocolates?”
B: “I don’t know mine either.”
In the example B’s answer is not relevant to A’s question. B says something else which is not about A’s problem at all.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The maxim of manner-be clear and avoid ambiguity
Example-
A: Where was Alfred yesterday?
B: Alfred went to the store and bought some whiskey.
In the example, B’s answer obeys the manner maxim: be orderly, because she gives a clear explanation where A was.
Example of disobeying / violation:
A: Why was he arrested?
B: He stole the money from the bank.
Politeness theory
Politeness theory relies, in part, on the idea that there are different kinds of face:
-Positive face reflects an individual's need for his or her wishes and desires to be appreciated in a social context. This is the maintenance of a positive and consistent self-image.
-Negative face reflects an individual's need for freedom of action, freedom from imposition, and the right to make one's own decisions.
Positive face and negative face.
-Positive face reflects an individual's need for his or her wishes and desires to be appreciated in a social context. This is the maintenance of a positive and consistent self-image.
-Negative face reflects an individual's need for freedom of action, freedom from imposition, and the right to make one's own decisions.
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